Sunday, March 24, 2013

Slushy Coating ("concrete frost" increases risk of flooding over southern Minnesota later in spring)

39 F. high on Saturday in the Twin Cities.
45 F. average high on March 23.
73 F. high on March 23, 2012. Ugh.

7" snow on the ground.
13.8" snow so far in March at KMSP.
1.3" snow in March, 2012.



Serious Cabin Fever

Yes, we are truly earning our spring this year. Nearly 50 inches of snow so far; March temperatures 6.5 F colder than average. Where's our spring break? I don't want to bury the lead: 40F returns by late week. Long-range models show a shot at 50F the first week of April. 7 inches of snow on the ground will limit how warm it can get anytime soon, but in roughly 1 week we'll be greeted by gurgling drain spouts and chirping birds. A tentative spring indeed.

Talk about a surreal weather map: melting snow may result in flooding on the Red River near Fargo, an area experiencing severe drought. Until we lose the 15-25 inches of frost in the ground rain and melting snow will be unable to replenish depleted soil moisture. That said I'm still optimistic the drought may slowly fade in the next 2-4 months

A southern storm brushes the metro with a coating of slush today; maybe 1" south of MSP. Roads should be mainly wet. A dry, chilly week is on tap, but moderation is likely next week.

On the blog below: record Arctic ice loss may be weakening jet stream winds swirling around the polar vortex, allowing unusually chilly air to reach Minnesota. March AO (Arctic Oscillation) values haven't been this low since March, 1970!

Slight Moderation. No sign of grilling weather looking out the next 1-2 weeks, but 40s should feel (tolerable) later this week; maybe a 50-degree high by the first week of April. ECMWF (European) model guidance in Celsius above.

March-uary. The calendar says March 24, but the latest snowcover map looks like something out of late January; more than 16-24" on the ground over much of central and northern Minnesota. Map courtesy of Ham Weather.

Elevated Risk Of Flooding Due To "Concrete Frost". To be honest, this is the first time I've heard this expression. The Twin Cities office of The National Weather Service has more details: "With the snowfall in February, conditions have changed from below normal with the January Outlooks to a Normal Risk of Flooding with the February Outlooks for locations including:

* Montevideo on the Minnesota River
* Granite Falls on the Minnesota River
* Redwood Falls on the Redwood River
* New Ulm on the Cottonwood River
* Long Prairie on the Long Prairie River
* St. Cloud on the Sauk River
* St. Cloud on the Mississippi River

While severe to extreme drought conditions still exist across the region, precipitation from December 2012 through the first part of March has been near normal to even above normal in some areas. Hence, some regions do have a decent snow pack with water equivalents of 3-5". The graphic (above) shows the amount of water in the snow pack on March 6, 2013.


In addition to the more common river flood threat, this winter parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin have concrete frost. Concrete Frost is when the top layer of soil becomes saturated and is solidly froszen. Until it thaws and allows moisture to travel through the soil, any rain/snow melt will run off similar to how it does on concrete. The image below shows the areas of concern for Concrete Frost and potential quick response flooding."

* A worst-case scenario for flooding would be a rapid rise in temperature accompanied by heavy rain. This would create massive melting of snow and possible flash flooding. The extended outlook calls for mostly 30s and 40s for highs into the first week of April. With any luck we'll have a nice, gradual, slow-motion thaw.

* The NWS will release their next flood outlook on March 29.

The Winter The Polar Vortex Collapsed. I've noticed an unusually weak polar vortex in recent months, and this article from The Daily Kos confirms what I'm seeing. It may be counterintuitive, but our unusually cold and snowy March may be the result of record ice melt in the Arctic, and how that's impacting prevailing jet stream winds aloft. Here's an excerpt: "...One measure of how contorted the jet stream has become is by measuring the difference in pressure between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High. There are two indices used to do this--one called the Arctic Oscillation (AO), which treats the flow over the entire Northern Hemisphere, and another called the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is more focused on the North Atlantic. The two are closely related about 90% of the time. When these indices are strongly negative, the pressure difference between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High is low. This results in a weaker jet stream, allowing it to take large, meandering loops, letting cold air to spill far to the south from the Arctic into the mid-latitudes. The AO index hit -5.2 today (March 20). This is the second most extreme March value of the index since record keeping began in 1948; only an AO value of -6.3 in March 1970 was more extreme."

Arctic Oscillation. To make a long weather story mercifully short, the more negative the AO (Arctic Oscillation) the lighter the prevailing westerly winds are blowing at high latitudes. Weaker wind speeds increase the potential for bitter air to push south into the USA, which is exactly what's been happening this month. When will we crawl out of this cold rut?

AO Prediction. NOAA shows the Arctic Oscillation becoming (less) negative in the next 10 days, which should mean a slight moderation in temperatures. Yes, 40s will be a dream come true huh?

Sandy Set To Be 3rd Costliest Hurricane, But Storms Of The Past Offer Perspective. Let's pray we don't have a 1926/Miami-size hurricane again anytime soon. Some timely numbers and perspective from PropertyCasualty360: "Superstorm Sandy will likely become the third-costliest hurricane in U.S. insurance history, but when examining historical storms using today’s dollars and exposures, Sandy would fall to the 12th costliest storm, says the Insurance Information Institute. In a presentation posted on I.I.I.’s website, initially given at Midwestern Actuarial Forum in Chicago today, I.I.I. Chief Economist Steve Weisbart projected Sandy insured losses to hit $20 billion, based on estimates of catastrophe-modeling firms and reported losses as of Jan. 12. That would place Sandy behind 1992’s Hurricane Andrew ($25.6 billion in insured losses) and ahead of 2008’s Hurricane Ike ($13.4 billion). All of those storms are dwarfed by 2005’s Katrina ($48.8 billion)..."

Graphic above (adjusted for inflation) courtesy of Karen Clark & Co.

Why Music Helps You Exercise Better. This article at Lifehacker caught my eye yesterday; here's a snippet: "...Music distracts people from pain and fatigue, elevates mood, increases endurance, reduces perceived effort and may even promote metabolic efficiency. When listening to music, people run farther, bike longer and swim faster than usual-often without realizing it. In a 2012 review of the research, Costas Karageorghis of Brunel University in London, one of the world's leading experts on the psychology of exercise music, wrote that one could think of music as "a type of legal performance-enhancing drug..."

We Now Live In A World Where More People Have Mobile Phones Than Clean Water. This headline made me do a triple-take; here's an excerpt from Quartz: "It is World Water Day, and time for the United Nations to remind us how many people in developing countries still lack basic sanitation. Surprisingly, the UN reports there are now more people with mobile phones (six billion for world population of seven billion) on earth than there are with access to clean toilets (4.5 billion). That phenomenon is easily visible in Indonesia, for example, where it is common to see people who live in metal roofed shacks without bathrooms surfing Facebook on their smartphones or feature phones. And it shows how, in the developing world, multinationals are often better at responding to peoples’ needs than governments are..."

Bucket List. My wife and I just returned from New Zealand, where we hosted a tour. Imagine a mash-up of Hawaii, Switzerland and England (with no chain stores). It's an amazing country; a little tough to get to - 14 hours from L.A. to Auckland, but worth the effort. The photo above was taken from our hotel in Queenstown, on the Southern Island, which has mountains, majestic lakes and fiords (like Norway). I'm starting to sound like a travel agent. Sorry. Here's the thing. I have a lot of older friends and family members who waited until their golden years to travel and do all the things they wanted to do together - only to be confronted with serious health issues that made travel impossible. So we've decided to take a few time-outs and see as much of the world as we can now. The best part of experiencing other countries and seeing how the rest of the world lives? Coming back to Minnesota. Yeah, even this month.


A Case Of The Chills. Hey, we were only 6 degrees cooler than average yesterday. Highs were in the 30s statewide. International Falls woke up to a crisp -2F, with a whopping 28" of snow on the ground. Are you sure it's spring? I'm starting to wonder.

TODAY: Light snow and flurries, slushy coating? Winds: N 10-15. High: 32

SUNDAY NIGHT: Flurries taper, a few slick spots (mainly south of MSP). Low: 20

MONDAY: Some sun, better travel. High: 33

TUESDAY: Partly sunny, cooler than average. Wake-up: 21. High: 34

WEDNESDAY: Intervals of sun, a bit milder. Wake-up: 19. High: 38

THURSDAY: Mix of clouds and sun, drippy. Wake-up: 23. High: near 40

FRIDAY: Patchy clouds. Wake-up: 26. High: 39

SATURDAY: Bright sun. Cooler than normal. Wake-up: 25. High: 37

Climate Stories....

Ice Breaking News: This Is Your 2013 Arctic Freezing Season On Crack. Here's a snippet of a story from Arctic Sea Ice Blog and ThinkProgress: "The sea ice cap on top of the Arctic Ocean is often imagined to be a monolithic, continuous sheet of ice floating on water. A closer look quickly shows it is rather a collection of larger and smaller pieces of sea ice. Of course, we have all seen the images of ice floes separated by open water during summer, but even during winter the ice pack gets fractured, leading to leads that quickly freeze over again..."

Graphic credit above: "Image of massive Arctic sea ice cracks showing temperature of the ice and the cracks between floes." Via Arctic Sea Ice blog.

U.N. Chief Warns That Nearly Half The World Could Face A Scarcity Of Water By 2030. Here's an excerpt from The Washington Post: "Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon is warning that by 2030 nearly half the world’s population could be facing a scarcity of water, with demand outstripping supply by 40 percent. Ban said one in three people already live in a country with moderate to high water stress. He spoke Friday at a U.N. event marking the opening of the International Year of Water Cooperation 2013 and the 20th anniversary of the proclamation of World Water Day..."

Climate Changes Before I Retire. This Op-Ed in the Vancouver Observer resonated with me - here's an excerpt: "There’s not a lot about climate change and its effects that horrifies me anymore. I guess you could say that I’m desensitised to it – melting permafrost? Yeah, I’ve read about it. Losing the Great Barrier Reef in Australia? Going to visit it before it’s all gone, but yeah, we’ll lose that too. A friend is buying a house? I’m cracking the jokes about how high above sea level it is and whether we’ll need to fortify it for the ‘end of the world’. Most of the research that is coming out now looking at climate models and the potential feedbacks we may get from complex climate systems are thinking we may have underestimated how fast climate change is going to kick us in the ass. If we’re lucky, and none of the non-linear feedbacks kick in too fast, we’re looking at experiencing between 1-3 C of global warming by 2050, and it’s likely those estimates will be conservative..."

Graphic credit above: "Warming projections to 2080 from Rowlands et al. in Nature Geoscience 5, 256-260 (2012)."

Geoengineering Is A Dangerous Solution To Climate Change. I have my doubts that there's a simple "fix" to counterbalance the trillions of tons of warming greenhouse gases we've pumped into the atmosphere. Should we keep an open mind? Absolutely. Is it going to be easy? I doubt it. Here's an excerpt of an Op-Ed at Huffington Post: "As the realities of global climate change become ever more alarming, advocates of technological approaches to "geoengineer" the planet's climate are gaining a following. But the technologies that are promoted -- from spraying sulphate particles into the stratosphere, to dumping iron particles into the ocean, to stimulate carbon absorbing plankton, to burning millions of trees and burying the char in soils -- are all fraught with clear and obvious risks, and are most likely only going to make matters worse. Yet zeal for these approaches continues unabated. According to right-wing think tank American Enterprise Institute, geoengineering offers:
"...the marriage of capitalism and climate remediation...What if corporations shoulder more costs and lead the technological charge, all for a huge potential payoff?...Let's hope we are unleashing enlightened capitalist forces that just might drive the kind of technological innovation necessary to genuinely tackle climate change."

What Zombie Films Tell Us About Climate Change: There's No One Happy Ending. What does climate change (and the notion of a 'safe' 2 degree C. warming limit) have to do with zombies? Here's a segment of an interesting Op-Ed at The Guardian: "...Stories generally have three elements; a thesis (the existing order), the anti-thesis (the thing that threatens to disturb that order) and the synthesis (the new order that emerges after the threat has been dealt with). That is what gives a story its narrative arc and tension. The great thing about proper zombie films is that they play havoc with this structure. There is a thesis and an anti-thesis but no synthesis. The zombies are never destroyed and no new stable order emerges. And that, I fear, may be the truth of the climate change story...."

Photo credit above: "In zombie movies such as Dawn of the Dead, 'zombies are never destroyed and no new stable order emerges. And that, I fear, may be the truth of the climate change story'. Photograph: Ronald Grant Archive.

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