-3 F. low in the Twin Cities Thursday morning.
11 F. high yesterday afternoon at KMSP.
33 F. average high on February 26.
20 F. high on February 26, 2014.
1" of snow on the ground.
February 26, 1981: Thunderstorms move across Minnesota dumping 1.61 inches of rain at Montevideo. Many places were glazed over with ice.
February 26, 1948:
 Severe ice storm over central Minnesota. At the St Cloud Weather Office
 1/2 inch of clear ice was measured. 65 telephone poles were down 
between St Cloud and Rice.
Kinder and Gentler?
I
 don't want to bury the lead: it may "snow" next Tuesday. The atmosphere
 will be shifting gears to a milder, March-like pattern as the storm 
track lifts north. No guarantees, but I wouldn't retire the old snow 
shovel just yet.
The GFS is hinting at 40s within 2 weeks, so 
expect volatility and big weather swings in the weeks to come. Pretty 
typical for March.
We all experience weather, not climate, which 
makes it hard to notice the big trends. If I'm cold how can the planet 
be warming? Or as John Oliver quipped: "I just ate so there must be no 
global hunger." We live in our bubbles and rely on scientists to analyze
 the big picture and remind us why it matters.
You may be 
shivering, but 4 of the 5 smallest "winter cold pools" on record over 
the Northern Hemisphere have been observed since 2004. And Minnesota is 
one of the 5 fastest warming states in the USA. Winter temperatures here
 have warmed at least 4F since 1970, according to Climate Central. 
Details below.
Warmer air and oceans are increasing water 
vapor; more fuel for major winter storms and excessive snows. Boston 
just picked up 100 inches in about a month - 10 times more than average.
 The statistical odds? 1-in-26,315. Good grief.
* weather model output above valid 18z next Tuesday courtesy of WSI.
Boston's Astounding Month of Snow a 1-in-26,315 Year Occurrence.
 100" in a month is pretty impressive, but it's off-the-charts-amazing 
for Boston, where normal February snowfall is closer to 10". What are 
the odds? Here's an excerpt of a good story from Eric Holthause at 
The Washington Post: "...
To
 do this, he parsed through every three-day period (to maintain 
meteorological plausibility and prevent the possibility of 
back-to-back-to-back 20-inch snowstorms) and then randomly generated a 
set of hypothetical winters consistent with the city’s climate history. 
His analysis shows that given a static climate, Boston can expect a 
winter with a 30-day stretch like this one only once approximately every
 26,315 years — 38 out of a million..."
Photo credit above: "
A
 sign advertising a home for sale peaks from a mound of snow, Monday, 
Feb. 23, 2015, in Marlborough, Mass. Real estate agents have found that 
purchase closings are being held up because of the heavy snowfall in the
 Boston area." (AP Photo/Bill Sikes).
Even As The Eastern U.S. Freezes, There's Less Cold Air In Winter Than Ever Before.
 The winter cold pools are trending smaller over time over the Northern 
Hemisphere, but they seem to be (consistently) setting up over the 
eastern USA and eastern Canada as polar air becomes displaced south by a
 rapidly warming Arctic. But temperatures aloft, about 1 mile above 
surface level, show the trends. Here's an excerpt of a Jason Samenow 
story at the 
Washington Post's Capital Weather Gang: "...
In a study accepted for publication in the Journal of Climate,
 Martin found that four of the five smallest Northern Hemisphere cold 
pools on record — averaged over the winter — have occurred since 2004. 
“Only 12 of the 43 winter seasons before 1990-1991 had below average 
seasonally averaged areas whereas 20 of 24 winter seasons have had below
 average seasonally averaged areas since,” the study says..."
Graphic credit above: "
Blue
 and red bars illustrate the annual difference from the long-term 
average in the area of the Northern Hemisphere cold pool. The light gray
 line portrays the surface temperature difference from average from the 
UK Hadley Centre." (Jonathan Martin, Journal of Climate).
Warming Winters: U.S. Temperature Trends.
 We experience weather, not climate, which is one (of many) factors that
 makes this issue so complex. If you're freezing your butt off how ON 
EARTH can the atmosphere be warming? Not at my house! Keeping a global 
perspective is difficult, but essential when discussing climate trends. 
Here's an excerpt from 
Climate Central focused on the rate of winter warming across the USA: "...
Since
 1970, winters in the top 5 fastest-warming states — Minnesota, North 
Dakota, Wisconsin, Vermont and South Dakota — heated up four-and-a-half 
times faster than winters in the 5 slowest-warming states: Nevada, 
California, Oregon, Colorado, and Washington. The five fastest-warming 
states have seen at least 4oF warming in winters since 1970..."
Cold Bias Into Next Week.
 The next thaw may not come until a week from tomorrow, based on the 
latest guidance. Temperatures recover into the mid and upper 30s over 
the weekend, pathetically reasonable I guess. The next chance of 
accumulating snow (remember that?) is Tuesday, and it could be a few 
inches, even enough to shovel and plow, depending on the final storm 
track and how much moisture surges north. I'm going way out on a limb, 
but there's a chance subzero lows late next week may be the last, or 
among the last, of the winter season, based on the significant warming I
 see for mid and late March.
Zonal Winds Aloft by Mid-March.
 We'll see more cold fronts, but the odds of subzero nighttime lows 
should drop off significantly within 2 weeks as winds at 500 mb (18,000 
feet) blow from Vancouver, instead of Saskatoon. By mid-March much of 
the Lower 48 will be easing into a more springlike pattern. Map: 
GrADS:COLA/IGES.
Worth The Wait?
 This has been a chilly February (8.5F colder than average, to date) but
 temperatures may rebound just as quickly in March. An extended period 
above freezing is forecast by the GFS after March 10 or so, even a few 
days in the 40s to near 50F. Amazingly it may be warm enough aloft for 
rain within 10-12 days.
Videographer Captures Elusive Green Flash at Sunset on Hawaii's North Shore.
 I'm very jealous - I've looked for the green flash for the better part 
of 40 years. Still no luck. Here's a story excerpt and video (proving it
 does exist!) at 
Huffington Post: "...
When
 it comes to the green flash at sunset, people fall into one of two 
camps: those who have seen it with their very eyes and swear by its 
majesty, and those who say it's just a figment of our imagination. Hawaii-based videographer Eric Sterman
 falls into the former, having recently caught the flash while making a 
time-lapse video of the sunset on the north shore of Oahu..."
By The Time You Read This, They've Slapped a Solar Panel on your Roof. Bloomberg Business takes a look at the trends; here's a snippet: "
Solar
 is so cheap, the problem now is how to pay for it. Prices for 
panels are down more than 65 percent in five years, to less than 70¢ a 
watt. What's next?  One word, Ben: financing. Building a solar 
generating facility—either a massive one in a desert or a tiny one on 
the roof—involves serious up-front costs..."
Tesla Gearing Up For Release of Batteries for the Home.
 I have yet to meet (anyone) who doesn't like free stuff. That applies 
to free energy, free electricity, harvesting the free power that hits 
your home every day. 
Gizmag has the details on how you'll soon be able to benefit from home solar panels and a well-positioned battery: "...
The
 same lithium-ion battery technology that powers Tesla’s electric 
vehicles will be used to develop a battery for the home, according to a 
statement by CEO Elon Musk during a recent conference call with 
analysts. The batteries would be used by homes and businesses to store 
excess energy generated from solar panels during the day, and drawn from
 at night when panels sit idle..."
Image credit above: "
Tesla home battery, which is currently produced for SolarCity's home energy storage system." (House Photo: 
Shutterstock)
Close-Up Lightning Strike Compilation. No, don't try this at home - some of these close calls are truly amazing. Check out the 
YouTube clip, which has received 3.7 million views.
Jordan's 6,000 Mosques Will Soon Have Rooftop Solar.
 This is a trend I see with churches, synagogues and mosques worldwide 
as houses of worship realize there's plenty of free energy to harvest 
and the ROI is significant. Here's a clip from ThinkProgress: "...
Ahmad Abu Saa, a representative of the renewable energy department at the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in Jordan, told
 the Jordan Times this week that a new project to be implemented this 
year aims to install photovoltaic solar systems on all of the country’s 
6,000 mosques. The project will start by covering 120 mosques..."
Photo credit above: "The Abu Darweesh Mosque in Amman, Jordan." CREDIT: Wikimedia Commons/David Bjorgen.
The Robots Are Coming.
 Is your job in danger of being disrupted by robotics in the 
not-too-distant future? Here's an excerpt from a fascinating read at the
 
London Review of Books: "...
Frey
 and Osborne’s conclusion is stark. In the next two decades, 47 per cent
 of employment is ‘in the high-risk category’, meaning it is 
‘potentially automatable’. Interestingly, though not especially 
cheeringly, it is mainly less well-paid workers who are most at risk. 
Recent decades have seen a polarisation in the job market, with 
increased employment at the top and bottom of the pay distribution, and a
 squeeze on middle incomes. ‘Rather than reducing the demand for 
middle-income occupations, which has been the pattern over the past 
decades, our model predicts that computerisation will mainly substitute 
for low-skill and low-wage jobs in the near future..."
 
8 Foods That Help Improve Your Memory. 
Details
 has the article - what I would give to take a daily memory pill, in the
 meantime I'm trying to get more salmon in my diet after reading the 
story; here's an excerpt: "...
Forgot what you're looking for? Bad 
with names? Writing down a lot of lists but then misplacing them? Like 
most people, you're experiencing some memory loss—and growing older 
doesn't help matters. Luckily, researchers all over the world are 
scouring the earth looking for ingredients that might organically 
improve human recall. Scan the menu of ingredients below and, if you 
make the right diet changes, you too could develop a champion's memory..."
Mapped: These Are The Quietest Spots in America. Northern Minnesota is looking pretty good in the quiet-category; here's an excerpt of a story at 
Quartz: "...
Researchers
 used sound data collected from 546 sites around the US over the past 10
 summers, then estimated the noise levels in the remaining areas based 
on factors like population density, roadway sizes, and proximity to 
airports, Fristrup tells Quartz..."
Map credit above: "The dark blue areas are the quietest, and the yellow to white are the loudest.
" (National Park Service, Natural Sounds & Night Skies Division).
A New Definition of Recyled: KFC To Roll Out New, Edible Coffee Cups. 
TIME Magazine has the curious details: "
KFC is planning to serve its customers coffee in a cup they can eat.
 The fast food chain will soon debut edible cups at all its U.K. 
franchises, the New York Times reported. The cups will be made from 
wafers lined with heat-resistant white chocolate and wrapped in sugar 
paper, and will be introduced to KFC along with Starbucks brand 
Seattle’s Best Coffee..."
How To Identify The One Thing You Were Born To Do. For me the answer is "napping". I'm damn good at it too. Here's an excerpt from 
PBS Next Avenue: "...
1. Even if you didn’t get paid a cent for it, would you still do this?
2. Would doing this inspire you every day?
3. Does doing this come as naturally to you as breathing?
4. Do you feel you’ve been given a special gift to do this?
5. Does time seem to fly by when you’re engaged in this activity?
6. Can you possibly make money doing this?
People
 often have difficulty answering yes or no to Questions No. 4 and No. 6.
 For Question No. 4, keep in mind that while you might not yet be a master
 of this activity, if you feel passionately about it and/or spend a lot 
of time engaging in it, you may have been given a special gift to do it.
 In such cases, your answer to Question No. 4 is likely to be yes..."
The Number One Song On The Day You Were Born?
 You can also find out the #1 song on the day you were conceived, but 
that's just too painful to imagine, so let's keep it basic. Thanks to 
playback.fm for doing the heavy lifting.
Frozen Waves? This is a new one - I can't recall ever seeing such a thing before. Thanks to 
Facebook and FOX 13's Paul Dellegatto for passing on photos from Nantucket. Think those folks are looking forward to spring: "
The
 images from the record setting winter in the northeast have been 
incredible...here are a few more....near frozen waves - like rolling 
slurpees - on the beaches of Nantucket." (Photo credit: Jonathan Nimerfroh). Original photos courtesy of 
Stay Wild Magazine.
TODAY: Sunny and brisk, lighter winds. Winds: SW 5-10. High: 15
FRIDAY NIGHT: Partly cloudy. Low: 6
SATURDAY: Sunny start, clouds increase. High: 26
SUNDAY: Mostly cloudy, colder breeze. Wake-up: 18. High: 27
MONDAY: Blue sky, cooler than average. Wake-up: 11. High: 26
TUESDAY: Wet snow or mix. Plowable amounts? Wake-up: 20. High: 28
WEDNESDAY: Flurries taper early. Drying out. Wake-up: 7. High: 15
THURSDAY: Partly sunny, feels like February. Wake-up: -2. High: 14
Climate Stories...
Yes, Global Warming Has Slowed Down A Little. And Yes, You Should Still Worry. Warming
 of the oceans has accelerated, temperatures over land holding nearly 
steady since the turn of the century. New research suggests any 
land-based temperature plateau may be temporary; here's a snippet from 
The Washington Post: "...
Ever
 since, climate scientists have been trying to explain why the world has
 seen a somewhat slower rate of warming in recent years — and publishing
 multiple papers on the topic. Now, though, a new study in the journal Science suggests
 that  that the global warming “pause” may soon run its course, and, 
anyway, it seems to have been caused by natural variability in the 
climate system. Thus, the slowdown, such as it was, certainly is no 
reason not to worry about a longer-term climate trend driven by 
humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions..."
* an abstract of the new research is available at 
Science Magazine.
New Study Directly Measures Greenhouse Effect at Earth's Surface. Carbon Brief has the story and video; here's a clip: "...
The
 researchers used a set of instruments to take thousands of measurements
 at the Earth's surface. The instruments record the longwave energy that
 is re-emitted by greenhouse gases back towards the Earth's surface, 
which causes the warming. Making these sorts of measurements on the 
ground is difficult, says lead author Dr Daniel Feldman,
 a geological scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 
the US. With weather systems passing overhead, and temperatures and 
humidity changing frequently, it's tricky to take energy measurements 
without other factors getting in the way..."
 
Graphic credit above: "
How
 carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have changed (blue 
line) and their warming effect ('forcing') on the climate over the same 
time period (orange line), for the southern Great Plains site (first 
graph shown) and the northern Alaska site (second). The seasonal 
fluctuations are caused by the rise and fall in plant photosynthesis in 
summer and winter, respectively." Source: Feldman et al. (
2015).
 

 
You Want Jobs? Try a Carbon Fee and Dividend. Here's an excerpt of an Op-Ed at 
syracuse.com that resonated: "...
The proposal I'm talking about is George Shultz's Carbon Fee and Dividend.
 Shultz, former Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan, promotes this 
plan as the conservative answer to climate change, because it won't 
increase the size of government. It works like this: A steadily rising 
fee - starting at $15 per ton of carbon-dioxide - is placed on fossil 
fuels at or near the first point of sale, increasing by $10 per ton of 
CO2 each year. Revenue from the fee is divided up equally and returned 
to all households..."
 
Climate Change Will Hit America in the Breadbasket. NBC News has the story - here's an excerpt: "...
Theoretically, reduced production along the southern edge of the country's grain-producing regions should be offset by increased production along the northern edge. The Corn Belt (and Soybean Belt) is already pushing up past the Canadian border,
 and Canada's wheat-producing zone is creeping farther north. But in 
reality, the shift is still likely to produce a net loss in crop 
production, said Jerry Hatfield, director of the USDA-ARS National 
Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment..." (File photo: Star Tribune).
Sea Levels in Northeast Jumped 5 Inches In Just 2 Years, Study Says.
 Some of this is sea level rise, some is land subsidence, but the net 
effect is clear; higher water levels are making coastal storms even more
 damaging, especially when you superimpose a storm surge and surface 
waves on top of the rising Atlantic. Here's an excerpt from a story at 
Mashable: "
Sea
 levels in northeastern North America jumped by more than five inches in
 a two-year period between 2009 to 2010, a rate unprecedented in the 
history of tide gauge records, a new study found. The study,
 published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications, found that the 
temporary acceleration in long-term sea level rise resulted in coastal 
flooding and beach erosion along the Northeast coast from New York 
northward to Atlantic Canada..."
Sea Spike Details. Here's an excerpt from the new research referenced above via 
Nature Communications: "...
The
 analysis of long-term tide gauge records identified an extreme 
sea-level rise (SLR) event during 2009–10. Within this 2-year period, 
the coastal sea level north of New York City jumped by 128 mm. This 
magnitude of interannual SLR is unprecedented (a 1-in-850 year event) 
during the entire history of the tide gauge records..."
 
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