Meteorologist Paul Douglas writes about Minnesota weather daily, trying to go beyond the "highs" and "lows" of the weather story to discuss current trends and some of the how's and why's of meteorology. Rarely is our weather dull - every day is a new forecast challenge. Why is the weather doing what it's doing? Is climate change a real concern, and if so, how will my family be affected? Climate is flavoring all weather now, and I'll include links to timely stories that resonate with me.
Monday, January 4, 2016
Subzero Spanking On The Way - Biggest Weather & Climate Stories of 2015
26 F. high temperature at KMSP Monday.
24 F. average high on January 4.
12 F. high on January 4, 2015.
January 5, 2012:
Record warmth is felt across the state. Many locations in western
Minnesota soared over 50 degrees, with temperatures reaching the 60s at
Marshall, Canby, and Madison. This was the first record of any 60 degree
temperatures in Minnesota during the first week of January.
A Sharp, Concentrated Cold Wave Coming Next Week
My
recent ankle injury (watch the ice!) has me recalibrating my New Year's
resolutions: spend more time and effort getting healthy. More time on
relationships, experiences and making memories, less time accumulating
(crap) that winds up in a landfill within a few years.
No, winter
hasn't been canceled, although one of the things I hear on a routine
basis is how Minnesota doesn't experience as many long-duration cold
waves: night after night, week after week below zero. The stories your
parents told you, growing up. The wild weather-war stories that fill
visitors with wide-eyed wonder.
A slushy mix is possible Wednesday, maybe an inch or two Friday as a weak storm spins up along the leading edge of arctic air.
Sunday's
Vikings play-off game may be one for the ages: 0F with a wind chill of
25 below? The Seahawks won't know what hit 'em. A reinforcing lobe of
subzero air arrives Tuesday, but temperatures moderate late next week; a Pacific breeze thaws us out by the 3rd week of January.
Next week will be a numbing reminder that MSP is a distant southern suburb of Winnipeg.
Fun With Negative Numbers.
I'm leaning more toward the ECMWF solution, which pulls the first surge
of subzero air into Minnesota Sunday. The map above shows temperatures
around -5 or -6F at 18z Sunday. A second, reinforcing slap arrives
Tuesday, with nighttime lows dipping into the -10 to -20F range. Cold
enough for me, yes. Map: WeatherBell.
A Selma and Louise Temperature Trend (off the cliff).
I'm dating my self by that movie reference, I couldn't find a way to
work "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" into the weather narrative. You can
see exactly when we go over the cliff (Saturday). By Sunday temperatures
may not climb above zero with a cruel wind and peeks of sun shining
down through the arctic landscape. A shot of (fluffy, powdery) snow
Monday precedes a reinforcing shot of subzero air Tuesday into
Wednesday, and then temperatures begin to moderate. It may be folly to
say this out loud, but I suspect next week will be the coldest of the
winter.
Serious Wind Chills.
Models show the lowest wind chills Sunday and early Monday, bottoming
out with the second shot of arctic air Tuesday night and early
Wednesday, possibly as low as -30F in the MSP metro area. That'll get
your attention. Map: Aeris Enterprise.
Cascade of Cold.
The rumors are true: the floodgates will open up this weekend as a push
of subzero air, a hunk of the much-advertised polar vortex pinwheels
southward, setting the stage for mid-January temperatures as much as
20-30F colder than average. 10-day 2-meter GFS temperature forecast:
NOAA and AerisWeather.
Recovery.
It can't stay below zero for long - at least not this winter with the
warm signal overwhelming the pattern across much of North America, an El
Nino on steroids. GFS guidance shows 500 mb winds blowing more from the
west/northwest by January 18 as the coldest lobe of air lifts across
Hudson Bay toward Greenland and our flow becomes a bit more Pacific in
nature. By then we'll be ready for a warmer front.
Record El Nino, Climate Change Drive Extreme Weather.
Are consistenty warmer Pacific Ocean temperatures helping to drive a
record El Nino and many of the weather symptoms popping up across the
planet? Here's an excerpt from BDLive: "Deadly
extreme weather on at least five continents is driven in large part by a
record-breaking El Niño, but climate change is a likely booster too,
experts said on Monday. The 2015-16 El Niño, they added, is the
strongest ever measured. "It is probably the most powerful in the last
100 years," said Jerome Lecou, a climate expert at the French weather
service Meteo France, noting that accurate measurements have only
existed since the mid-20th century. Flooding and mudslides unleashed by
torrential rains have killed at least 10 people and driven more than
150,000 from their homes in Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay in recent
days. ..." (Graphic credit: NOAA CPC).
What North America Can Expect From El Nino.
Every El Nino has a different "flavor" and slightly different symptoms,
no two events are identical, according to a good overview at The Conversation; here's an excerpt: "...During
the coming months, climate scientists expect that El Niño will pull the
east Pacific Northern Hemisphere jet stream and its associated storm
track southward. Normally these storms veer to the north toward the Gulf
of Alaska or enter North America near British Columbia and Washington,
where they often link up with cold Arctic and Canadian air masses and
bring them down into the United States. Instead, with the jet stream
following an altered path, the northern states are likely to experience
relatively mild and drier-than-normal weather. Storms tracking across
the continent further to the south will likely create wet conditions in
California and across the South as far east as Florida..."
Photo credit above: "Flooding in Clear Lake, California, March 1 1998, during the 1997-1998 ‘super’ El Niño event." Dave Gatley/FEMA.
Satellite Imagery of Mississippi River Floods. The imagery was taken on January 3, 2016. Here's a clip with more information from NOAA's Environmental Visualization Laboratory: "The
Mississippi River Valley has been experiencing record floods for the
past week after a series of storms brought heavy rains to the region in
late December. This false-color Suomi NPP VIIRS image shows areas of
flooding as observed on January 3, 2016. The VIIRS high resolution
imagery channels are being used to provide highly detailed flood maps to
area responders, using a newly-developed algorithm to detect standing
water. That imagery can be seen by the Space Science Engineering Center,
which partners with NOAA to develop many advanced satellite products,
in a new mapping tool called RealEarth."
Weirdest Weather of 2015. Here's an excerpt of some of the more noteworthy weather and climate stories of 2015, courtesy of Discovery News: "...In
late August, for the first time in recorded history, Weber says, three
super-strong hurricanes formed in the eastern Pacific -- all at the
same. Named Kilo, Ignacio and Jimena, all three storms reached Category 4
status, with winds exceeding 130 miles per hour. Hurricanes feed off
warm surface waters in the ocean, which explains why the hurricane
season normally peaks in late summer. But, when one strong hurricane
sweeps through, it usually churns up the ocean so much that cold waters
rise from below, squelching the potential for more storms to form right
away. This year’s hurricane trifecta, Weber says, “signals to us not
only that the surface waters are warm, but that the warm temperatures go
to great depths...”
Image credit above: "Typhoon
Kilo, Tropical Storm Ignacio, and Hurricane Jimena in the Pacific Ocean
are captured by Japan's Himawari satellite on Sept. 2." JMA/NOAA.
Weather Stories That Will Endure Throughout 2016 And Beyond. Living On The Real World
and the AMS (American Meteorological Society) has a post that helps to
put weather, climate, risk and uncertainty into perspective; here's an
excerpt: "...Here’s a 21st-century irony. We’re
increasingly vulnerable to weather even as our personal exposure to heat
and cold, sun and rain is in decline. Most of us are in the virtual
workplace of information technology which itself is embedded in the
virtual climate of the heated/air-conditioned office. Even so, we’ve
been forced to acknowledge our increasing sensitivity and changing
vulnerability to weather, and especially extremes and even lesser
departures from so-called “normals.” The big challenge here is the
emerging mismatch between (1) the time-horizon of our strategies and
investments for producing food, maintaining water and energy supplies,
transporting people and goods, and a weather-sensitive economy; and (2)
the time-horizon on which we can anticipate the threats weather and
climate, and their associated effects on water, pose to those plans and
ventures. We’re in essence flying blind. We’re placing bets at the poker
table without looking at our own hand or those of the other players..."
Tornadoes, Severe Storms Cost $10 Billion in U.S. in 2015. Another data point; here's an excerpt from USA TODAY: "For
a record eighth straight year, tornadoes and other severe thunderstorms
likely caused at least $10 billion in property damage in the United
States, according to an analysis by Munich Re, the world's largest
reinsurance firm, which is based in Germany. The deadly tornadoes in
December damaged or destroyed thousands of homes and businesses across
the South, which should push the total over the $10 billion mark for
2015. “No year prior to the 2008-2015 period had insured thunderstorm
losses been in excess of $10 billion,” said Mark Bove, a Munich Re
research meteorologist..."
Photo credit above: "Destroyed
cars and homes at Plantation Place RV Park on Saturday, Jan. 2, 2016,
in Sunnyvale, Texas. A total of 12 officially declared tornados swept
through North Texas recently, killing 11 and damaging at least 2,000
homes and buildings in multiple communities." (Rachel Woolf/Dallas Morning News/TNS)
2015 Was One of the Craziest Years Yet for Weather - Here's Why That's So Dangerous. Business Insider reports; here's an excerpt: "...But
we can’t pin it all on El Niño. Yes, a lot of it can be chalked up to
this year’s El Niño, which has been one of the strongest on record. (El
Niño is a regularly occurring event characterised by warmer-than-normal
temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that make it easy for water to gather
in the air into powerful storm systems). Still, many of this year’s
events have likely been made worse by human-made climate change. As decades of research suggest,
a gradually warming climate is also amping up the likelihood and
frequency of extreme events, from flooding to heat waves. Here’s a
rundown of the year’s most freakish weather events, and why they aren’t
set to improve anytime soon..."
Alpine Ski Resorts Hope Petting Zoos Will Make Up for Lack of Snow.
Call me crazy but I don't see the connection. Let's see, downhill
skiing or petting zoo? Hmm. The worst start to winter for New England
ski resorts in 50 years? Here's an excerpt from Bloomberg Business: "The town of Chamonix,
France, opened a petting zoo to entertain children deprived of skiing.
In Laax, Switzerland, operators raised lift prices, to keep out skiers
from lower altitudes. Helicopters are carrying snow to Meribel, and in
Saint-Martin-de-Belleville, the mayor asked
locals to eschew the slopes. It’s all a response to what’s shaping up
to be the worst December in memory for snowless European ski resorts,
the vacation destinations for movie stars and schoolchildren alike..."
Balmy Winter Hits French Ski Workers in the Wallet.AFP in France has an update on the implications of record warmth across much of Europe, to date: "The
spring-like temperatures that have disappointed many skiers hoping to
find a blanket of fresh powder in the French Alps is having a far more
painful impact on resort workers: unemployment. Seasonal workers set to
run ski lifts and clean hotel rooms across France's assortment of
world-famous slopes have seen jobs delayed or cancelled as employers
wait to see if snow will fall. "There are a lot of people in my
position," said Julien, a ski patrolman, who had just learned his job
offer in Aussois in the French Alps had been deferred by 12 weeks..."
NASA Warns El Nino May Cause "Weather Chaos".
The best way I've heard it described is like going up a flight of steps
(climate change and warming, worldwide) and then standing on your
tip-toes (El Nino). A much warmer Pacific ocean may be turbocharging the
El Nino we're experiencing right now, forecast to linger into at least
spring of 2016. MSNBC has the video and story; here's an excerpt: "Despite
the devastating storms across the country the last few weeks, NASA is
forecasting the worst is yet to come. Michael Mann, author of "Dire
Predictions: Understanding Climate Change" joins to discuss."
The Most Fascinating Meteorological Images of 2015. The Weather Channel has a story that highlights some of the most eye-popping visuals from last year; here's an excerpt: "...As
2015 ends, global land-plus-ocean temperatures are on track to far
exceed those of any other year in records that date back to the 1880s. A
significant contributor was ocean temperatures, and while the
increasingly strong El Niño in turn contributed to that, there was
plenty of other anomalously warm water, as this sequence of SST (sea
surface temperature) departures from average on the first of each month
illustrates..."
Where Did All The Hurricanes Go? It's been 10 years and 27 major hurricanes since one touched down in the USA. Here's an excerpt of a post from Electric Coop Today: "And
though that’s a record landfall drought, scientists say it’s mostly a
matter of circumstance and no reason for hurricane-prone areas to let
down their guard. “This luck cannot continue. Climatology will
eventually reassert itself with many more U.S. landfalling hurricanes”
according to Colorado State University experts Philip J. Klotzbach and
William M. Gray..."
Image credit above: "Hurricane Wilma, the last major hurricane to hit the U.S., departs Florida to the east in October 2005." (Photo By: NASA).
First Known Hacker-Caused Power Outage Signals Troubling Escalation. Ars Technica has the worrying details; here's the intro: "Highly
destructive malware that infected at least three regional power
authorities in Ukraine led to a power failure that left hundreds of
thousands of homes without electricity last week, researchers said. The
outage left about half of the homes in the Ivano-Frankivsk region of
Ukraine without electricity, Ukrainian news service TSN reported in an article posted a day after the December 23 failure.
The report went on to say that the outage was the result of malware
that disconnected electrical substations. On Monday, researchers from
security firm iSIGHT Partners said they had obtained samples of the
malicious code that infected at least three regional operators. They
said the malware led to "destructive events" that in turn caused the
blackout. If confirmed it would be the first known instance of someone
using malware to generate a power outage..." Photo credit: Krzysztof Lasoń
We Need a New Green Revolution.
Managing increasingly fickle water supplies, intense rainfalls, new
invasive pests, higher dew points will require new techniques and
technologies. Here's a clip of an Op-Ed at The New York Times: "...History
has shown that science can solve the nation’s agriculture and food
production problems, but to do so, the American system of food and
agricultural research must be substantially reinvigorated. Research can
tackle how to grow more food with fewer resources under increasingly
difficult growing conditions. But this can be accomplished only if more
of the brightest minds are engaged with enough funding to pursue
transformative ideas. While private sector research and development in
agriculture have grown over the past decade and now exceed what is
federally funded, this financing is focused on shorter term benefits..." (File credit: Tim McCabe, USDA).
Wind, Solar Power Soaring In Spite of Bargain Prices for Fossil Fuels. Here's a snippet from The Washington Post: "Wind
and solar power appear set for a record-breaking year in 2016 as a
clean-energy construction boom gains momentum in spite of a global glut
of cheap fossil fuels. Installations of wind turbines and solar panels
soared in 2015 as utility companies went on a worldwide building binge,
taking advantage of falling prices for clean technology as well as an
improving regulatory and investment climate. Both industries have seen
stock prices jump since Congress approved an extension of tax credits
for renewables as part of last month’s $1.14 trillion budget deal..." (Image: Earthtimes.org).
How to Cultivate the Art of Serendipity. The New York Times
has a fascinating piece - it's amazing how many things we take for
granted today were discovered (by accident). How do we increase the
chance of random, pleasant surprises? Here's an excerpt: "...A
surprising number of the conveniences of modern life were invented when
someone stumbled upon a discovery or capitalized on an accident: the
microwave oven, safety glass, smoke detectors, artificial sweeteners,
X-ray imaging. Many blockbuster drugs of the 20th century emerged
because a lab worker picked up on the “wrong” information. While
researching breakthroughs like these, I began to wonder whether we can
train ourselves to become more serendipitous. How do we cultivate the
art of finding what we’re not seeking?..."
Jill Bolte Taylor: My Stroke of Insight.
A brain researcher has a stroke that ultimately provides more insight
into the workings of the human brain? There's a reason why this TED Talk has over 18 million views. Watch this video - you won't regret it: "Jill
Bolte Taylor got a research opportunity few brain scientists would wish
for: She had a massive stroke, and watched as her brain functions —
motion, speech, self-awareness — shut down one by one. An astonishing
story."
TODAY: Clouds increase, breezy. Winds: S 10-20. High: near 30
TUESDAY NIGHT: Overcast, few flakes late. Low: 24
WEDNESDAY: Light snow or icy mix, slushy on the roads. Inch or two can't be ruled out. High: 32
THURSDAY: Overcast, few flurries. Wake-up: 30. High: 33
FRIDAY: Period of wet snow, another light accumulation? Wake-up: 31. High: 33
Why the NHL Is Getting Involved in Climate Change Efforts. Yes, that NHL. Here's an excerpt from The Washington Post: "I was reading a random article last month about the goings-ons at the historic climate change conference in Paris when my eyes stumbled across what appeared to be a fish-out-of-water participant – the National Hockey League.
The piece mentioned that an NHL vice president for corporate social
responsibility, Omar Mitchell, presented on sports and sustainability.
The NHL. Climate change. I had to call the league. I found Mitchell. He
explained from Foxborough, Mass., the site of the league’s New Year’s Day Winter Classic, after giving U.S. Environmental Protection Agency administrator Gina McCarthy a tour of the league’s game-day set up..."
How Tackling Climate Change Will Pay Off. Here's an excerpt of an Op-Ed from Tina Smith, Minnesota’s Lieutenant Governor, at The Star Tribune: "...What
many people don’t realize is that tackling climate change will help
Minnesota’s economy grow and contribute to our global competitiveness.
Minnesota has already seen the economic benefits of taking action, after
setting aggressive renewable-energy and energy-efficiency standards and
bold goals to reduce greenhouse gases. Today, Minnesota is a
clean-energy leader, with more than 15,000 clean-energy jobs, which
contribute more than $1 billion in wages to our economy. Our coal use
has dropped 33 percent since 2005 — something that seemed impossible a
decade ago. Renewable-energy sources now account for 20 percent of the
state’s annual electricity generation, up from 5.8 percent in 2000.
Minnesota wind energy is reducing carbon emissions by more than 5.4
million metric tons each year, the equivalent of taking 1 million cars
off the road. Today, wind energy is providing over 16 percent of our
state’s electricity — that’s the equivalent of 1 in 6 Minnesota homes,
businesses and community institutions..."
95% Consensus of Expert Economists: Cut Carbon Pollution. The Guardian has news of the study and implications; here's an excerpt: "The Institute for Policy Integrity at the New York University (NYU) School of Law recently published a report summarizing a survey of economists with climate expertise. The report was a follow-up and expansion of a similar survey conducted in 2009
by the same institute. The key finding: there’s a strong consensus
among climate economics experts that we should put a price on carbon
pollution to curb the expensive costs of climate change..."
Climate Change and Consensus.
Following up on the growing consensus among the world's leading
economists to address carbon pollution here's a clip from a story at TheHill: "..These
economists believe that bolder action on climate will be economically
beneficial for Americans. When asked which sectors of the U.S. economy
will be harmed by climate change, a large majority predicted negative
impacts on agriculture, fishing, utilities, forestry, tourism,
insurance, and health services. Perhaps due to these risks, more than
three-quarters of respondents believe the United States shoudl commit to
reducing greenhouse gas emissions regardless of the actions taken by
other countries..."
Climate Change is Taking a Toll on Farmers' Mental Health.
I've met many farmer across the state, and they are almost to a person
increasingly concerned about the erratic weather patterns they're
witnessing. Minnesota's climate has always been extreme and
unpredictable, but between heavier summer rains and more
weather-whiplash (back and forth between flood and drought in relatively
short periods of time) there's a feeling of perpetual unease. Here's an
excerpt from ThinkProgress: "...Uncertainty,
Ellis said, seemed to be at the heart of the farmers’ concerns.
According to his interviews, some farmers would check weather forecasts
on their phones “up to 30 times a day” across numerous websites. Ellis
also said that he talked to farmers that would track distant weather
events, like storms in Africa, in the hope that those rains could
potentially make their way to Australia. According to Ellis, one subject
referred to the state of farmers’ mental health as akin to seasonal affective disorder — except that instead of suffering from lack of sunlight, farmers are suffering from a lack of rain..."
Can The Planet Be Saved?The Atlantic
tackles the subject of climate volatility with reasons for both despair
and optimism. Here's an excerpt that caught my eye: "...But I find
four major reasons to be hopeful. The first is that China is acting
decisively to reduce emissions from coal. The second is that renewable
energy is now an economically viable alternative to fossil fuels, and
will be even more so if we can eliminate the $450 billion a year in
subsidies for the dirty fuels. The third is that the fossil-fuel
companies are without doubt on the defensive. From the cancellation of
the Keystone XL pipeline to government investigations into Exxon’s cover
up of its own climate research, the behavior of this industry is
finally on view. True, it is still quite powerful in Congress, but the
combination of science, economics, and exposure is sounding the
industry’s death knell. As we’ve already seen with coal, I predict that
oil and gas won’t survive the mounting pressure to “keep it in the
ground.” And that brings me to my fourth reason for hope: the growth of a
global grassroots movement for climate justice and ecological sanity.
It has taken a long time for us to get here, but it’s now unstoppable."
In The Late 1970s, Big Oil Worried It Could Be Held Accountable for Rising Carbon Emissions. Here's the intro to a story at Quartz: "Until relatively recently,
oil industry officials were among the biggest detractors of climate
science, suggesting that some research seemed frivolous. But in the late
1970s and early 1980s, the industry—worried that oil could be held
responsible for rising temperatures in the future—conducted one of the
world’s most ambitious early studies of climate change. InsideClimate
News, an investigative news organization, released a new report on Dec. 22 detailing the oil industry’s research..."
Photo credit above: "The slow melt." (Reuters/Bob Strong).
The Year in Climate Change: 2015 May Be The Beginning of the End. Here's a clip from an MSNBC article: "...But
this isn’t just about politics. In another milestone, 2015 marked the
start of an extraordinary legal, political and even cultural battle over
how to address climate change. It’s a fight that could stretch for
years, inspiring an escalating level of activism and opposition. More
than two dozen states have sued to block the Clean Power Plan, which
means that climate change – like universal health insurance – could end
up being decided by the Supreme Court. That makes 2015 a
scary year as well. In the sunnier reading of events, it’s the start of
something wondrous. Every five years, according to the Paris agreement,
the nations of the world are supposed to return to the negotiating
table, raising their intention to slash greenhouse gas emissions. That
could mean the end of the era of oil, gas, and coal, the fuels that
produce the majority of planet-heating gases..." Strange Weather Points to the Potential Impact of Global Warming. The
concern is amplifying and intensifying the weather that would have
happened anyway - wetter storms, deeper, longer droughts, more intense
heat spikes. Here's an excerpt of an Op-Ed from The News and Observer: "Climate
scientists stress that isolated weather events and short-term trends do
not necessarily have a relation to the Earth’s overall climate. But
even cautious scientists and people skeptical about climate change might
feel a stab of worry about the weather of 2015. If the planet is
getting warmer, as an overwhelming majority of scientists agree, then
the year just past gave a stark preview of what may be in store if the
nations of the world cannot halt or slow the trend. Some of the most
vivid evidence of altered weather patterns came at year’s end. Storms
with hurricane-force winds lashed and flooded Northern Europe. Tornadoes
typical of spring came through the South’s tornado alley in early
winter. The Mississippi River, usually low in winter, is so swollen from
relentless rain that it is flooding parts of the Mississippi Valley..."
Read more here: http://www.newsobserver.com/opinion/editorials/article52787220.html#storylink=cpy
The 7 Most Interesting Climate Findings of the Year. Climate Central has a recap of some of the most noteworthy research and findings of 2015; here's an excerpt: "...But
there are a baker’s half dozen studies that really piqued our interest
this year, from the Atlantic circulation slowdown to the disappearance
of the global warming slowdown. While the seven were all fascinating and
critical, some also created controversies that are still ongoing.
The finding:We could be entering an era of warming unseen in at least 1,000 years. Why it made the list: The rate of global warming has increased with each passing decade. A couple of studies
published this year show that the rate will not only continue to rise,
but soon be one the earth hasn’t seen since the Vikings found their way
to Greenland (and possibly longer than that). Warming will be fastest in
the northern hemisphere, which just so happens to be where most humans
live..."
2015: A Year of Progress and Buffoonery on Climate Change. Here's a clip from a Washington Post article: "...We may, too, be getting a taste of what a warming world feels like. According to a 2014 paper, one potential effect is a doubling of the number of strong El Niño years.
That’s the phenomenon that has perturbed the jet stream and pushed this
winter’s temperatures up. Though the El Niño variation predated human
influence, it, among many other natural cycles, probably will not be
immune to it. And even if this year’s El Niño cannot be blamed squarely
on climate change, it nevertheless feels like a fitting end to a
remarkable year in the policy and politics of global warming..." (Image: earth.nullschool.net).
What's Ahead for Climate Change in 2016? Here's a snippet from a story at Discovery News: "...In
2015, Hawaii became the first state to pass a law making such a
commitment. That law requires the state to get all of its electricity
from renewables by 2045. In December, San Diego became the largest city in
the country to make that commitment, requiring all of the city’s power
to come from renewables by 2035. Others have made less ambitious
commitments, but no less significant. A law passed in California
requires the state to obtain 50 percent of
its electricity from renewables, excluding hydropower. New York City
and San Francisco have also pledged to increase their use of renewables,
and smaller cities, such as Burlington, Vt., have already gone 100 percent renewable, mainly through the use of large amounts of hydropower..." (File image: NASA).
No comments:
Post a Comment